Housekeeping for Homebrew

Here's how to keep Homebrew up to date and reduce disk usage.

Homebrew makes it easy to install programming languages and command-line utilities, so you may accumulate a disk full of tried-once and forgotten software. Make Homebrew housecleaning a regular habit to reduce clutter.

With the release of Homebrew 2.0.0 in February 2019, Homebrew began removing old packages automatically after running brew upgrade. It also runs brew cleanup every thirty days to remove packages that are no longer current. Expert users can disable automatic brew cleanup by setting an environment variable HOMEBREW_NO_INSTALL_CLEANUP=1 in the shell. Homebrew tries to keep your disk tidy but it is easy to accumulate packages you no longer need as well as recently outdated packages.

If you want to remove Homebrew entirely, see Uninstall Homebrew.

Before you get started

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Brew list

Use brew list to see all the packages in your local environment.

$ brew list

It will show dependencies as well as packages you've installed.

See Uninstall a Homebrew Package if you want to remove any packages you no longer use.

Brew outdated

The command brew outdated will list all installed packages that have a newer version available.

$ brew outdated

After running brew outdated, you can run brew upgrade to upgrade all packages or brew upgrade <package> to upgrade a specific package.

Brew upgrade (all packages)

The command brew upgrade will upgrade all installed packages.

$ brew upgrade

Be prepared for this command to take time (many minutes). Older versions of Homebrew had a brew upgrade --all option but the command has been simplified.

If you don't have time to upgrade all outdated packages, you can upgrade a specific package with brew upgrade <package>.

Brew update

The command brew update is for updating Homebrew itself, as well as the Homebrew core packages that are installed by default.

$ brew update

This updates Homebrew itself. It can take many minutes to run an update.

Homebrew core packages are updated as often as every day, so it is likely you will see updates.

Brew autoremove

The command brew autoremove will remove all unused dependencies remaining in the environment. If you've removed packages, it is likely that abandoned dependencies were left on disk if you didn't run brew autoremove immediately.

$ brew autoremove

Brew cleanup

Homebrew maintains a cache of downloaded packages so repeated installation goes faster. The command brew cleanup will remove outdated download files from the cache, as well as old versions of installed packages. By default, brew cleanup only removes files more than 120 days old. Force a more recent cleanup with --prune=all.

Unless the default has been changed by the user, the cached files are in ~/Library/Caches/Homebrew.

Run brew cleanup -n or brew cleanup --dry-run to see what will be removed without actually removing anything.

$ brew cleanup --prune=all --dry-run

If you like what you see, run brew cleanup without the --dry-run option.

$ brew cleanup --prune=all

Run brew cleanup after running brew upgrade to make sure old versions of packages have been removed.

That's Homebrew housekeeping! As a side effect of cleaning up after using Homebrew, you'll have a better understanding of how Homebrew works.

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How to trigger custom code when a new page is loaded.

https://web.archive.org/web/20071029074514/http://www.sheep-team.org/prog/dnf

Basic Usage

Run wayback_machine_downloader with the base url of the website you want to retrieve as a parameter (e.g., http://example.com):

wayback_machine_downloader http://example.com

How it works

It will download the last version of every file present on Wayback Machine to ./websites/example.com/. It will also re-create a directory structure and auto-create index.html pages to work seamlessly with Apache and Nginx. All files downloaded are the original ones and not Wayback Machine rewritten versions. This way, URLs and links structure are the same as before.

Advanced Usage

Usage: wayback_machine_downloader http://example.com

Download an entire website from the Wayback Machine.

Optional options:
    -d, --directory PATH             Directory to save the downloaded files into
                     Default is ./websites/ plus the domain name
    -s, --all-timestamps             Download all snapshots/timestamps for a given website
    -f, --from TIMESTAMP             Only files on or after timestamp supplied (ie. 20060716231334)
    -t, --to TIMESTAMP               Only files on or before timestamp supplied (ie. 20100916231334)
    -e, --exact-url                  Download only the url provided and not the full site
    -o, --only ONLY_FILTER           Restrict downloading to urls that match this filter
                     (use // notation for the filter to be treated as a regex)
    -x, --exclude EXCLUDE_FILTER     Skip downloading of urls that match this filter
                     (use // notation for the filter to be treated as a regex)
    -a, --all                        Expand downloading to error files (40x and 50x) and redirections (30x)
    -c, --concurrency NUMBER         Number of multiple files to download at a time
                     Default is one file at a time (ie. 20)
    -p, --maximum-snapshot NUMBER    Maximum snapshot pages to consider (Default is 100)
                     Count an average of 150,000 snapshots per page
    -l, --list                       Only list file urls in a JSON format with the archived timestamps, won't download anything

Specify directory to save files to

-d, --directory PATH

Optional. By default, Wayback Machine Downloader will download files to ./websites/ followed by the domain name of the website. You may want to save files in a specific directory using this option.

Example:

wayback_machine_downloader http://example.com --directory downloaded-backup/

All Timestamps

-s, --all-timestamps 

Optional. This option will download all timestamps/snapshots for a given website. It will uses the timestamp of each snapshot as directory.

Example:

wayback_machine_downloader http://example.com --all-timestamps 

Will download:
    websites/example.com/20060715085250/index.html
    websites/example.com/20051120005053/index.html
    websites/example.com/20060111095815/img/logo.png
    ...

From Timestamp

-f, --from TIMESTAMP

Optional. You may want to supply a from timestamp to lock your backup to a specific version of the website. Timestamps can be found inside the urls of the regular Wayback Machine website (e.g., https://web.archive.org/web/20060716231334/http://example.com). You can also use years (2006), years + month (200607), etc. It can be used in combination of To Timestamp.
Wayback Machine Downloader will then fetch only file versions on or after the timestamp specified.

Example:

wayback_machine_downloader http://example.com --from 20060716231334

To Timestamp

-t, --to TIMESTAMP

Optional. You may want to supply a to timestamp to lock your backup to a specific version of the website. Timestamps can be found inside the urls of the regular Wayback Machine website (e.g., https://web.archive.org/web/20100916231334/http://example.com). You can also use years (2010), years + month (201009), etc. It can be used in combination of From Timestamp.
Wayback Machine Downloader will then fetch only file versions on or before the timestamp specified.

Example:

wayback_machine_downloader http://example.com --to 20100916231334

Exact Url

-e, --exact-url 

Optional. If you want to retrieve only the file matching exactly the url provided, you can use this flag. It will avoid downloading anything else.

For example, if you only want to download only the html homepage file of example.com:

wayback_machine_downloader http://example.com --exact-url 

Only URL Filter

 -o, --only ONLY_FILTER

Optional. You may want to retrieve files which are of a certain type (e.g., .pdf, .jpg, .wrd...) or are in a specific directory. To do so, you can supply the --only flag with a string or a regex (using the '/regex/' notation) to limit which files Wayback Machine Downloader will download.

For example, if you only want to download files inside a specific my_directory:

wayback_machine_downloader http://example.com --only my_directory

Or if you want to download every images without anything else:

wayback_machine_downloader http://example.com --only "/\.(gif|jpg|jpeg)$/i"

Exclude URL Filter

 -x, --exclude EXCLUDE_FILTER

Optional. You may want to retrieve files which aren't of a certain type (e.g., .pdf, .jpg, .wrd...) or aren't in a specific directory. To do so, you can supply the --exclude flag with a string or a regex (using the '/regex/' notation) to limit which files Wayback Machine Downloader will download.

For example, if you want to avoid downloading files inside my_directory:

wayback_machine_downloader http://example.com --exclude my_directory

Or if you want to download everything except images:

wayback_machine_downloader http://example.com --exclude "/\.(gif|jpg|jpeg)$/i"

Expand downloading to all file types

 -a, --all

Optional. By default, Wayback Machine Downloader limits itself to files that responded with 200 OK code. If you also need errors files (40x and 50x codes) or redirections files (30x codes), you can use the --all or -a flag and Wayback Machine Downloader will download them in addition of the 200 OK files. It will also keep empty files that are removed by default.

Example:

wayback_machine_downloader http://example.com --all

Only list files without downloading

 -l, --list

It will just display the files to be downloaded with their snapshot timestamps and urls. The output format is JSON. It won't download anything. It's useful for debugging or to connect to another application.

Example:

wayback_machine_downloader http://example.com --list

Maximum number of snapshot pages to consider

-p, --snapshot-pages NUMBER    

Optional. Specify the maximum number of snapshot pages to consider. Count an average of 150,000 snapshots per page. 100 is the default maximum number of snapshot pages and should be sufficient for most websites. Use a bigger number if you want to download a very large website.

Example:

wayback_machine_downloader http://example.com --snapshot-pages 300    

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A collection of boilerplates, helper functions, and libraries you can copy/paste to make building a simpler, more resilient web a bit easier.

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Why I built it and where it's going.

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Geran Knol is a multidisciplinary artist from the Netherlands, currently living and working in Antwerp, Belgium. His work consists of drawings, paintings, sound and sculptural work. He is also involved in Park Pardon, a collaboration with Bloeme van Bon.

The isolation CSS property determines whether an element must create a new stacking context.